Survey on Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images Using POB Histogram Method

This paper describes a survey on reversible data hiding in encrypted images. Data hiding is a process to embed useful data into cover media. Data invisibility is its major requirement. Data hiding can be done in audio, video, image, text, and picture. Here use an image for data hiding especially digital images and existing method (Histogram Block Shift Base Method) HBSBM or POB. Now a day's reversible data hiding in encrypted images is in use due to its excellent property which is original cover image can be recovered with no loss after extraction of the embedded data. Also, it protects the original data. According to the level and kind of application one or more data hiding methods is used. Data hiding can be done in audio, video, text, and image and other forms of information. Some data hiding techniques emphasize on digital image security, some on the robustness of digital image hiding process while other's main focus is on imperceptibility of a digital image. The capacity of digital information which has to hide is also the main concern in some of the applications. The objective of some of the papers mentioned below is to achieve two or more than two parameters i.e. Security, robustness, imperceptibility and capacity but some of the parameters are trade-off which means only one can be achieved on the cost of other. So the data hiding techniques aiming to achieve maximum requirements i.e. security, robustness, capacity, imperceptibility etc. and which can be utilized in the larger domain of applications is desired. Related work for techniques used for data hiding in a digital image is described in this paper

An Efficient Digital Image Watermarking Based on DCT and Advanced Image Data Embedding Method

Digital image enhancement and digital content or data image secure using DCT and advanced image data embedding method (AIDEM). AIDEM improved robustness based on particle shifting concept is reproduced secure image data and manipulated there’s a robust would like for a digital image copyright mechanism to be placed in secure image data. There’s a necessity for authentication of the content because of the owner. It’s become more accessible for malicious parties to create scalable copies of proprietary content with any compensation to the content owner. Advanced Watermarking is being viewed as a potential goal to the current downside. Astounding watermarking plans are arranged assaults on the watermarked picture are twisted and proposed to give insurance of proprietorship freedoms, information treating, and information uprightness. These methods guarantee unique information recuperation from watermarked information, while irreversible watermarking plans safeguard proprietorship freedoms. This attribute of reversible watermarking has arisen as an applicant answer for the assurance of proprietorship freedoms of information, unfortunate to alterations, for example, clinical information, genetic information, Visa, and financial balance information. These attacks are also intentional or unintentional. The attacks are classified as geometric attacks. This research presents a comprehensive and old method of these techniques that are developed and their effectiveness. Digital watermarking was developed to supply copyright protection and owners’ authentication. Digital image watermarking may be a methodology for embedding some information into digital image sequences, like text image, image data, during this research analysis on image watermarking and attacks on watermarking process time image data, classification of watermarking and applications. We aim to secure image data using advanced image data embedding method (AIDEM) improved robustness based particle shifting concept is reproduced secure image data. To develop compelling digital image watermarking methodology using mat lab tool and reliable and robust

Studies on cordierite-mullite body. Part II: effect of sillimanite sand in a cordierite composition

Beach sand sillimanite was substituted for china clay and fireclay grog in a standard cordierite body mix containing 60% china clay, 20% fireclay grog (IS-6 grade) and 20% talc. The specimens were fired at different temperatures ranged from 1200 to 1340°C with 2 h dwelling time at respective peak temperatures. The addition of 40 wt% sillimanite in the standard composition was found to improve the mechanical properties and to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion from 25.7 × 10−7 to 20.43 × 10−7 at 500°C and 25.20 × 10−7 to 21.34 × 10−7 at 1000 C. The reduction in the coefficient of thermal expansion value of the body mix containing 40 wt% sillimanite was due to the presence of cordierite and mullite and/or sillimanite phases in the composition. The final body also showed enhanced fired strength from 147.67 kg.cm−2 to 241.90 kg.cm−2 after firing at 1340 C. The thermal shock resistance of the developed body mix containing 40 wt% sillimanite. measured in terms of percent loss of MOE after repeated thermal shock at gradually enhanced temperatures in water quenching, was found to be more than two times higher than that of the standard cordierite composition

Studies on cordierite-mullite body. Part III: effect of alumina in a sillimanite based cordierite composition

The present study aims to improve the mechanical strength, high temperature load bearing capacity and thermal shock resistance of a sillimanite based cordierite-mullite body, developed earlier and having a composition: china clay 40%, sillimanite sand 40% and talc 20%, through gradual incorporation of alumina powder in replacement of sillimanite sand. The specimens were fired at different test temperatures ranging from 1200° to 1400°C with 2 h dwelling time at the respective peak temperatures. An addition of 10 wt% calcined alumina in the standard body mix was found to increase the mechanical strength of the specimens from 241.90 to 262.10 kg.cm−2 after firing at 1340°C. The specimens of standard body mix showed a tendency towards melting at the firing temperature in excess of 1340°C; but the specimens of the developed body mix showed no such indications even beyond 1400°C. The mechanical strength of developed body mix also increased to 297.14 kg.cm−2 in the specimens fired at 1400°C. The thermal shock resistance of the optimal body mix containing 10 wt% calcined alumina, measured in terms of loss of MOE after repeated thermal shocks at different gradually enhanced temperatures in water quenching, was found to be improved marginally in comparison to that of the standard cordierite composition. The original MOE value of the final body mix increased from 30.12 GPa to 37.24 GPa. The thermal expansion coefficient, however, marginally increased from 20.70 × 10−7 to 29.65 × 10−7 at 500°C and 21.34 × 10−7 to 32.16 × 10−7 at 1000°C

Studies on cordierite-mullite refractories. Part I: effect of talc

The effects of progressive incorporation of talcum powder in conventional refractory body mix having 60% china clay and 40% grog have been studied. The specimens were fired at different test temperatures ranging from 1200° to 1400°C with 2 h dwelling time at the respective peak temperatures. The addition of talc reduced the percent thermal expansion significantly as well as enhanced the thermo-mechanical strength. The results also revealed that the fired strength of the developed body increased from 169.40 kg.cm−2 to 288.5 kg.cm'−2. The gradual reduction in the percent thermal expansion values of the talc containing bodies was attributed to the presence of cordierite and mullite phases in the compositions. The thermal shock resistance of the body mix containing 20 wt% talc was found to be about 2.5 times higher than that of the standard body mix fired at 1400°C. The developed refractory kiln furniture also provided useful service life at a working temperature of 1250°C in a bone china factory

Effect of firing schedule on the properties of flooring tiles

The mechanical properties of flooring tiles fired in a conventional down draft kiln were compared with those produced commercially following the fast firing schedules. It has been observed that the conventional long firing operation favours dissolution of quartz, recrystallization of the secondary mullite and reduction in the amount of closed pores in the structure, thus enhancing the strength and toughness of the body as well as the resistance towards abrasion of the glazed surface

HIDEmarks: hiding multiple marks for robust medical data sharing using IWT-LSB

With the increasing popularity of digital data in the healthcare domain, data hiding has become a hot research topic for covert communication and privacy protection. Existing data-hiding methods often tend to results in increased imperceptibility and robustness, which are also needed to simultaneously improve the system’s security and embedding capacity. To solve this problem, a robust and high-capacity data hiding technique, called HIDEmarks, our study proposed a combination of integer wavelet transform (IWT) and least significant bit (LSB) for healthcare. Specifically, the IWT-LSB was used to embed multiple marks into the medical colour image. The technique first transformed cover images into three channels, and then each channel was transformed using IWT. After this, multiple marks were concealed into the cover media with the help of the LSB scheme. Meanwhile, a lossless soft method was adopted to compress the image mark prior to embedding, thereby reducing storage and transmission overhead and improving the embedding capacity of the marked colour image. Experimental results show that the proposed HIDEmarks achieved superior perceptual quality, robustness and capacity compared with the state-of-the-art schemes.</p